Appendix 3: LIST OF SAMPLES USED IN MALE CRANIOMETRIC ANALYSES


Sample cluster description Source
AINU
1 1 Ainu modern Dodo, 1986
1 2 Ainu 19th century Pietrusewsky, 1995

MED1AEVAL AND MODERN JAPAN
3 2 Japan modern Dodo, 1986
4 2 Japan mediaeval Nakahashi, 1993
5 2 Japan recent Nakahashi, 1993
6 2 Japan modern Nakahashi, 1993
7 2 Ryuku Pietrusewsky, 1995
8 2 Kanto modern Honshu Pietrusewsky, 1995
9 2 Tohoku modern Honshu Pietrusewsky, 1995
10 2 Kyushu modern Pietrusewsky, 1995
11 2 Edo 17-19th century Tokyo Pietrusewsky, 1995
12 2 Kamakura 1333 AD Pietrusewsky, 1995

JOMON, YAYO1 AND KOFUN JAPAN
13 1 Jomon Tohoku Dodo, 1986
14 1 Jomon Honshu Dodo, 1986
15 1 Jomon Nakahashi, 1993
16 1 Yayoi Nakahashi, 1993
17 1 Kofun Nakahashi, 1993
18 1 Kofun 3rd century AD Pietrusewsky, 1995
19 1 Yayoi Pietrusewsky, 1995
20 1 Jomon late sites on Honshu Pietrusewsky, 1995

MA1NLAND AS1A
21 3 Chinese Manchuria 19th century #1 Hanihara, 1993
22 3 Chinese Manchuria 19th century #2 Hanihara, 1993
23 3 Korea Hanihara, 1993
24 3 Taiwan modern people of south China origin Pietrusewsky, 1995
25 3 Hainan (people of Cantonese origin) Pietrusewsky, 1995
26 3 Heilongjian & Jilin, N. Korea 19th century Pietrusewsky, 1995
27 3 Korea Pietrusewsky, 1995
28 3 Hokien Harrower, 1926
29 4 Hong Kong modern Wang, 1989
30 3 Taiyuan Shanxi modern Wang and Sun, 1988

NEOL1TH1C AND BRONZE AGE
31 3 BanPo Shaanxi Neolithic Yangshao Wu and Zhang, 1985
32 5 Huaxian Shaanxi Neolithic Yangshao Wu and Zhang, 1985
33 4 Baoji Shaanxi Neolithic Yangshao Wu and Zhang, 1985
34 3 Yongdengxian Gansu Neolithic Machang Wu and Zhang, 1985
35 5 Miaodigou Henan Neolithic Yangshao-Longshan Wu and Zhang, 1985
36 5 Xiawanggang Henan Neolithic Wu and Zhang, 1985
37 5 Dawenkou Shandong Neolithic Wu and Zhang, 1985
38 5 Xixahou Shandong Neolithic Wu and Zhang, 1985
39 4 Tanshishan Fujian Neolithic Wu and Zhang, 1985
40 1 Changyang Hubei Bronze Age Zhang and Shan, 1992
41 4 Shang tombs group 1 Anyang Henan Han and Qi, 1986
42 4 Shang tombs group 2 Anyang Henan Han and Qi, 1986
43 1 Shang tombs group 3 Anyang Henan Han and Qi, 1986
44 4 Shang Dynasty sacrificial tombs Anyang Han and Qi, 1986
45 4 Shijia Shaanxi Neolithic Yangshao Gao, unpublished data
46 5 Jiangzhai stage 1 and 2 pooled Jackes, unpublished data
47 1 Sakhalin Pietrusewsky, 1995

The following outliers were excluded from the final analysis in order to clarify the relationships among the central sites:
Atayal Taiwan aboriginals Pietrusewsky, 1995
Mongolia Ulan Bator Pietrusewsky, 1995
Hedang Guangdong Neolithic Wu and Zhang, 1985
Pingyang Helongjiang Bronze Age Pan, 1990

The following samples or studies were not used because of small sample size or because the sample appears as measured by another researcher. In the latter case, the various sets of measurements were checked to see whether discrepancies occurred. There were no discrepancies in placement. (For web version see Figure 4 extra).
Jiangzhai stages I and II Gao in Gong, 1988
Hengzhen Shaanxi Neolithic Yangshao Wu and Zhang, 1985
Fangxian Hubei Neolithic Wu and Zhang, 1985
Zengpiyan Guangxi Neolithic Wu and Zhang, 1985
Chengzi Shandong Neolithic Han, 1990
Anyang sacrificial tombs Shang Dynasty Pietrusewsky, 1995
Sacrificial tombs Anyang Howells, 1983 & 1989
Hainan Cantonese Howells, 1983 & 1989
Atayal Taiwan Howells, 1983 & 1989